This study investigates the efficiency of PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors for treating municipal/industrial wastewater. A range of factors, including hydraulic retention time and operating conditions, were manipulated to optimize wastewater removal. The results demonstrated that PVDF hollo

Nanobubbles, intriguing structures with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant attention in recent years. These microscopic pockets of gas enclosed within a liquid exhibit unusual stability and affect various phenomena in diverse domains. Generating and analyzing nanobubb